ARTIFICIAL EYE By U.Sandhya Rani 08A91A04A7.

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Presentation on theme: "ARTIFICIAL EYE By U.Sandhya Rani 08A91A04A7."— Presentation transcript:

1 ARTIFICIAL EYE By U.Sandhya Rani 08A91A04A7

2 INTRODUCTION At present, two general strategies have been pursued.
The “Epiretinal” approach involves a semiconductor-based device placed above the retina, close to or in contact with the nerve fiber layer retinal ganglion cells. At present, two general strategies have been pursued. The “Sub retinal” approach involves the electrical stimulation of the inner retina from the sub retinal space by implantation of a semiconductor based micro photo diode array(MPA) into this location.

3 VISUAL SYSTEM Its primary task include transmitting images with a
viewing angle of at least 140deg and resolution of 1 arc min over a limited capacity carrier

4 ANATOMY OF EYE The macula is the highly sensitive area of the retina
The macula is responsible for our critical focusing vision

5 EYE-CAMERA SIMILARITY
A camera needs a lens and a film to produce an image. In the same way, the eyeball needs a lens (cornea, crystalline lens, vitreous) to refract, or focus the light and a film (retina) on which to focus the rays

6 RETINA Light first enters the optic (or nerve) fiber layer and the ganglion cell layer, under which most of the nourishing blood vessels of the retina are located.

7 Retinal Diseases Retinitis Pigmentosa (RP) Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) AMD and RP affect at least 30 million people in the world. They are the most common causes of untreatable blindness in developed countries and, currently, there is no effective means of restoring vision.

8 OCULAR IMPLANTS Ocular implants are those which are placed inside the retina. It aims at the electrical excitation of two dimensional layers of neurons within partly degenerated retinas for restoring vision in blind people. EPI RETINAL IMPLANTS SUB RETINAL IMPLANTS

9 The Issues Involved In The Design Of The Retinal Encoder Are:
CHIP DEVELOPMENT BIOCOMPATIBILITY RF TELEMETRY AND POWER SYSTEMS

10 SUB RETINAL IMPLANTATION

11 CORTICAL IMPLANTS

12 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE
People suffering from low vision to, people who are completely blind will benefit from this project. Congenital defects in the body, which cannot be fully corrected through surgery, can then be corrected Future work has to be focused on the optimization and further miniaturization of the implant modules

The Visual Cortical Implant

Dr. Mohamad Sawan, Professor and Researcher at Polystim neurotechnologies Laboratory at the Ecole Polytechnique de Montreal, has been working on a visual prosthesis to be implanted into the human cortex. The basic principle of Dr. Sawan?s technology consists in stimulating the visual cortex by implanting a silicium microchip on a network of electrodes made of biocompatible materials and in which each electrode injects a stimulating electrical current in order to provoke a series of luminous points to appear (an array of pixels) in the field of vision of the sightless person. This system is composed of two distinct parts: the implant and an external controller. The implant lodged in the visual cortex wirelessly receives dedicated data and energy from the external controller. This implantable part contains all the circuits necessary to generate the electrical stimuli and to oversee the changing microelectrode/biological tissue interface. On the other hand, the battery-operated outer control comprises a micro-camera which captures the image as well as a processor and a command generator which process the imaging data to select and translate the captured images and to generate and manage the electrical stimulation process and oversee the implant. The external controller and the implant exchange data in both directions by a powerful transcutaneous radio frequency (RF) link. The implant is powered the same way.

Dobelle Eye

Main article: William H. Dobelle
Similar in function to the Harvard/MIT device, except the stimulator chip sits in the primary visual cortex, rather than on the retina. Many subjects have been implanted with a high success rate and limited negative effects. Still in the developmental phase, upon the death of Dr. Dobelle, selling the eye for profit was ruled against in favor of donating it to a publicly funded research team.[10][4]
Intracortical Visual Prosthesis
Main article: Intracortical Visual Prosthesis
The Laboratory of Neural Prosthesis at Illinois Institute Of Technology (IIT), Chicago, is developing a visual prosthetic using Intracortical Iridium Oxide (AIROF) electrodes arrays. These arrays will be implanted on the occipital lobe. External hardware will capture images, process them and generate instructions which will then be transmitted to implanted circuitry via a telemetry link. The circuitry will decode the instructions and stimulate the electrodes, in turn stimulating the visual cortex. The group is developing a wearable external image capture and processing system. Studies on animals and psyphophysical studies on humans are being conducted to test the feasibility of a human volunteer implant.
Virtual Retinal Display (VRD)
Main article: Virtual retinal display
Laser-based system for projecting an image directly onto the retina. This could be useful for enhancing normal vision or bypassing an occlusion such as a cataract, or a damaged cornea.[4]
Visual Cortical Implant

Optoelectronic Retinal Prosthesis

Daniel Palanker and his group at Stanford University have developed an optoelectronic system for visual prosthesis [8] that includes a subretinal photodiode array and an infrared image projection system mounted on video goggles. Information from the video camera is processed in a pocket PC and displayed on pulsed near-infrared (IR, 850-900 nm) video goggles. IR image is projected onto the retina via natural eye optics, and activates photodiodes in the subretinal implant that convert light into pulsed bi-phasic electric current in each pixel. Charge injection can be further increased using a common bias voltage provided by a radiofrequency-driven implantable power supply [9] Proximity between electrodes and neural cells necessary for high resolution stimulation can be achieved utilizing effect of retinal migration.

Harvard/MIT Retinal Implant

Joseph Rizzo and John Wyatt at the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary and MIT began researching the feasibility of a retinal prosthesis in 1989, and performed a number of proof-of-concept epiretinal stimulation trials on blind volunteers between 1998 and 2000. They have since developed a subretinal stimulator that sits on the outside of the eye and receives image signals beamed from a camera mounted on a pair of glasses. The stimulator chip decodes the picture information beamed from the camera and stimulates retinal ganglion cells accordingly.[4]
Artificial Silicon Retina (ASR)
The brothers Alan Chow and Vincent Chow have developed a microchip containing 3500 photo diodes, which detect light and convert it into electrical impulses, which stimulate healthy retinal ganglion cells. The ASR requires no externally-worn devices.[4]

Implantable Miniature Telescope

Although not truly an active prosthesis, an Implantable Miniature Telescope is one type of visual implant that has met with some success in the treatment of end-stage age-related macular degeneration.[5][6][7] This type of device is implanted in the eye's posterior chamber and works by increasing (by about three times) the size of the image projected onto the retina in order to overcome a centrally-located scotoma or blind spot.[6][7]
T?bingen MPDA Project
A Southern German team led by the University Eye Hospital in T?bingen, was formed in 1995 by Eberhart Zrenner to develop a subretinal prosthesis. The chip is located behind the retina and utilizes microphotodiode arrays (MPDA) which collect incident light and transform it into electrical current stimulating the retinal ganglion cells. As natural photoreceptors are far more efficient than photodiodes, visible light is not powerful enough to stimulate the MPDA. Therefore, an external power supply is used to enhance the stimulation current. The German team commenced in vivo experiments in 2000, when evoked cortical potentials were measured from Yucat?n micropigs and rabbits. At 14 months post implantation, the implant and retina surrounding it were examined and there were no noticeable changes to anatomical integrity. The implants were successful in producing evoked cortical potentials in half of the animals tested. The thresholds identified in this study were similar to those required in epiretinal stimulation. The latest reports from this group concern the results of a clinical pilot study on eight participants suffering from RP. The results were to be presented in detail on the ARVO 2007 congress in Fort Lauderdale.

Ongoing projects

Argus Retinal Prosthesis
Drs. Mark Humayun and Eugene DeJuan at the Doheny Eye Institute (USC) were the original inventors of the active epi-retinal prosthesis [1] and demonstrated proof of principle in acute patient investigations at Johns Hopkins University in the early 1990s along with Dr. Robert Greenberg. In the late 1990s the company Second Sight was formed by Dr. Greenberg along with medical device entrepreneur, Alfred E. Mann, to develop a chronically implantable retinal prosthesis. Their first generation implant had 16 electrodes and was implanted in 6 subjects between 2002 and 2004. Five of these subjects still use the device in their homes today. These subjects, who were all completely blind prior to implantation, can now perform a surprising array of tasks using the device. More recently, the company announced that it has received FDA approval to begin a trial of its second generation, 60 electrode implant, in the US.[2][3] Additionally they have planned clinical trials worldwide, all getting underway in 2007. Three major US government funding agencies (National Eye Institute, Department of Energy, and National Science Foundation) have supported the work at Second Sight and USC.
Microsystem-based Visual Prosthesis (MIVIP)
Designed by Claude Veraart at the University of Louvain, this is a spiral cuff electrode around the optic nerve at the back of the eye. It is connected to a stimulator implanted in a small depression in the skull. The stimulator receives signals from an externally-worn camera, which are translated into electrical signals that stimulate the optic nerve directly.

Technological considerations

Visual prosthetics are being developed as a potentially valuable aid for individuals with visual degradation. The visual prosthetic in humans remains investigational.

bionic eye

A visual prosthesis, often referred to as a bionic eye is an experimental visual device intended to restore functional vision. Many devices have been developed, usually modeled on the cochlear implant or bionic ear devices, a type of neural prosthesis in use since the mid 1980s.
Biological considerations
The ability to give sight to a blind person via a bionic eye depends on the circumstances surrounding the loss of sight. For retinal prostheses, which are the most prevalent visual prosthetic under development (due to ease of access to the retina among other considerations), vision loss due to degeneration of photoreceptors (retinitis pigmentosa, choroideremia, geographic atrophy macular degeneration) is the best candidate for treatment. Candidates for visual prosthetic implants find the procedure most successful if the optic nerve was developed prior to the onset of blindness. Persons born with blindness may lack a fully developed optical nerve, which typically develops prior to birth.

The Visual System

The human visual system is remarkable instrument. It features two mobile acquisition units each has formidable preprocessing circuitry placed at a remote location from the central processing system (brain). Its primary task include transmitting images with a viewing angle of at least 140deg and resolution of 1 arc min over a limited capacity carrier, the million or so fibers in each optic nerve through these fibers the signals are passed to the so called higher visual cortex of the brain
The nerve system can achieve this type of high volume data transfer by confining such capability to just part of the retina surface, whereas the center of the retina has a 1:1 ration between the photoreceptors and the transmitting elements, the far periphery has a ratio of 300:1. This results in gradual shift in resolution and other system parameters.
At the brain's highest level the visual cortex an impressive array of feature extraction mechanisms can rapidly adjust the eye's position to sudden movements in the peripherals filed of objects too small to se when stationary. The visual system can resolve spatial depth differences by combining signals from both eyes with a precision less than one tenth the size of a single photoreceptor.

Artificial Eye

The retina is a thin layer of neural tissue that lines the back wall inside the eye. Some of these cells act to receive light, while others interpret the information and send messages to the brain through the optic nerve. This is part of the process that enables us to see. In damaged or dysfunctional retina, the photoreceptors stop working, causing blindness. By some estimates, there are more than 10 million people worldwide affected by retinal diseases that lead to loss of vision.
The absence of effective therapeutic remedies for retinitis pigmentosa (RP) and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) has motivated the development of experimental strategies to restore some degree of visual function to affected patients. Because the remaining retinal layers are anatomically spared, several approaches have been designed to artificially activate this residual retina and thereby the visual system.
At present, two general strategies have been pursued. The "Epiretinal" approach involves a semiconductor-based device placed above the retina, close to or in contact with the nerve fiber layer retinal ganglion cells. The information in this approach must be captured by a camera system before transmitting data and energy to the implant. The "Sub retinal" approach involves the electrical stimulation of the inner retina from the sub retinal space by implantation of a semiconductor-based micro photodiode array (MPA) into this location. The concept of the sub retinal approach is that electrical charge generated by the MPA in response to a light stimulus may be used to artificially alter the membrane potential of neurons in the remaining retinal layers in a manner to produce formed images.
Some researchers have developed an implant system where a video camera captures images, a chip processes the images, and an electrode array transmits the images to the brain. It's called Cortical Implants.

Content of the Seminar and pdf report for Artificial Eye

    Introduction
    What is artificial eye?
    The History of Artificial Eyes
    How eyes work?
    Visual System
    The Manufacturing Process
    The eye
    Human Eye Conditions
    Three Types of Eye Removal
    Possible Conditions Leading to an Artificial Eye
    Conclusion and Future Scope
    References

Possible Conditions Leading to an Artificial Eye

• Eblind, painful eye
• Ocular melanoma
• Trauma
• Ruptured globe
• Renetrating eye injury
• Peforating eye injury
• Cataract
• infection
• Vitreous hemorrhage
• Endophthalmitis

Three Types of Eye Removal

• Evisceration
• Enucleation
• Exenteration

Human Eye Conditions

• Anatomy of the eye
• 3 types of eye removal
• Orbital eye implants
• Possible conditions leading to an artificial eye
• Possible conditions leading to a scleral shell
• Eye care specialists
• Leading causes of eye loss in children

Whats is artificial eye ?

In the present scenario, where over millions of citizens are affected by visual anomalies, it was with a challenge that this project came into being.

•Introduction
•What is artificial eye?
•The History of Artificial Eyes
•How eyes work?
•Visual System
•The Manufacturing Process
•The eye
•Human Eye Conditions
•Three Types of Eye Removal
•Possible Conditions Leading to an Artificial Eye
•Conclusion and Future Scope
•References

Artificial Eye Lens

The artificial lens, which is usually made from state-of-the-art acrylic, silicone or polymethylmethacrylate, is placed inside the lens capsule

Topic Related to artificial eye lens

• What is an artificial eye lens made of?
• Can artificial eye lenses be replaced?
• What is the best lens replacement for cataract surgery?
• How long does an artificial lens last?
• intraocular lens cost
• cataract lens brands
• intraocular lens implant pros and cons
• intraocular lens price
• cataract surgery different lenses in each eye
• best lens for cataract surgery 2018
• intraocular lens implant complications
• intraocular lens manufacturers

Ocular Prosthesis and Artificial Eye

Ocular Prosthesis from Fahmida Hoque

Ocular Prosthesis Ophthalmic horizon Published on September 2016

   1.OCULAR PROSTHESIS: 

AN ESSENTIAL COSMETIC MANAGEMENT Prof. Munirujzaman Osmani

    2. BACKGROUND 

The ocular prosthetic device is very important to provide the best possible functional & cosmetic results. • It is important to have a firm understanding of management of the anophthalmic socket, and when to make appropriate referrals to the ophthalmic surgeon.

    3. SURGICAL PROCEDURES 

To understand & manage the complications associated with prosthetic eye wear, eye care professionals first must understand anophthalmic procedures. There are three main surgical techniques used in the partial or complete removal of the eye: • Enucleation, • Evisceration, & • Exenteration.

    4. ENUCLEATION 

It is the complete removal of the globe, along with a portion of the optic nerve, while maintaining the surrounding orbital tissue. INDICATION:  Intraocular malignancy include – • Retinoblastomas & • Uveal melanomas  Phthisical eyes of unknown etiology.  Severely ruptured globe.

    5. EVISCERATION

 It involves the surgical removal of the contents of globe, while preserving the sclera, extraocular muscles & optic nerve. INDICATION:  Painful blind eyes found in end stage of – • Chronic uveitis or • Neovascular glaucoma, and • Corneal perforation.  Endophthalmitis

    6. EXENTERATION 

It is a procedure involving removal all of the tissues within the entire orbit, typically including the conjunctiva, globe, orbital fat, part or all of the lids & sometimes a portion of the bony orbit. INDICATION: • Large, highly invasive orbital tumors • Malignant tumors involving the orbit from –  Eyelids,  Conjunctiva,  Intraocular structures

    7. GOALS 

The short term goals after both enucleation & evisceration are • deep fornices • healthy conjucntiva, • a normal appearance of the lid.

    8. THE CONFORMER 

 Made of either acrylic or silicone • It is left in the conjunctival fornices for 4-6 weeks • Helps to fit the prosthesis • Helps to stabilize the implant during the healing process • Reduces the risk of tissue contracture of an anophthalmic socket.

    9. ORBITAL IMPLANTS

 Orbital implants are typically made of either non- porous or porous materials.

    10. NONPOROUS ALLOPLASTIC IMPLANTS 

 Silicone & polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) .  Solid, spherical implant that are well tolerated, POROUS MATERIAL  More commonly used  Material: porous polyethylene, hydroxyapatite & aluminum oxide.  Due to the porous nature of these materials, fibrovascular ingrowth occurs, allowing for improved implant stability & decreases rejection risk.

    11. TYPES OF OCULAR PROSTHESIS 

• BASED ON THICKNESS: • BASED ON FABRICATION:

 Prosthetic eye Prosthetic shell Thickness more than 1.5 mm Thickness less than 1.5mm Ready made Custom made Advantage:  Inexpensive  Time limitation exists Disadvantage:  Ill fitting  Improper shade matching • Increases the adapting with movement of the eyeball as well as fitting • Exactly matches the iris position as that of the adjacent natural eye

    12. FABRICATION OF OCULAR PROSTHESIS

 • Six to eight weeks after surgery, an ocular prosthesis can be fitted. • A prosthetic device can be fabricated in two forms, • A scleral shell -- fit over a phthisical eye • A full thickness prosthesis -- fit over the anophthalmic socket.
    13. • Prosthetic devices can be fit either from a stock set of pre- fabricated eyes or can be custom made. • Custom made prosthetic eye is preferred to increase stability & aid in movement. • The fitting method chosen is upon the ocularist. • One of the most common fitting techniques is the impression fitting.

    14. IMPRESSION FITTING 

Injecting alginate material directly into the patient’s orbit using an impression tray. • The substance hardens & removed from the orbit, • Adjusted to form the front surface of the device using wax.

    15. • The mold is filled with methyl- methacrylate resin that is liquid acrylic. • The mold is heat treated to harden the liquid. • After this stage, the device is hand painted to reflect the unaffected eye. • The iris & pupil positioned taking into account the appearance of the fellow eye. • It is recommended that the patient should see the ocularist every six months for polishing & adjustments to the device at least annually. • Removal of prosthetic device is similar in fashion to the removal of a hard contact lens. polishing contouring

    16. Ocular prosthesis in CEITC, Bangladesh

    17. In 45 study patients, commonly performed surgical procedures listed in a table (n = 45)

    18. COMPLICATION 

The common complications include • discharge, • dry eye, • discomfort, • implant exposure, • pain, • ptosis, • lid laxity, • expulsion, • Adhesions , & • problem associated with the peg.
    19. According to the study held in 2015, CEITC; The major complications of prosthetic eye wearer who followed up in the hospital are given below in a bar diagram

    20. CONCLUSION 

To provide the patient with the most comprehensive eye care, the most important procedure – • Is removal of the device for inspection of the tissue & prosthesis, • Treat the underlying tissue disorders • Refer to the appropriate specialist.
    21. LITERATURE REVIEW

    22. ANOPHTHALMIA 

Anophthalmia is absence of globe • It may be congenital or acquired.

    23. CONGENITAL ANOPHTHALMIA 

Very rare condition • Optic vesicle fails to develop • Causes: • Idiopathic/ sporadic • Inherited as dominant, recessive or sex- linked • Maternal exposure or teratogenic infection

    24. OCULAR FINDING 

Orbital findings: Small orbital rim & entrance Reduced size of bony orbital cavity Extra ocular muscles usually absent Lacrimal gland may be absent Small & maldeveloped optic foramen • Eyelid findings: Foreshortening of the lids in all directions Absent or decreased levator function with decreased lid folds Contraction of orbicularis oculi muscle Shallow conjunctival fornix, especially inferiorly

    25. ACQUIRED ANOPHTHALMIA 

 After enucleation, evisceration or exenteration.

    26. IDEAL ANOPHTHALMIC SOCKET

 1. Centrally placed, well- covered, buried implant of adequate volume. 2. Fabricated from a bio- inert material. 3. Socket lined with healthy conjunctiva. 4. Fornices deep enough to retain a prosthesis 5. Eyelids with normal position & appearance, & adequate tone to support a prosthesis 6. Normal position of the eyelashes & eyelid margin 7. A comfortable ocular prosthesis that looks similar to the sighted, contralateral globe & in the same horizontal plane.

    27. ADVANTAGES OF EVISCERATION OVER ENUCLEATION: 

 Less disruption of orbital anatomy • Good motility of prosthesis • Lower rate of migration, extrusion & reoperation.

    28. Changes associated with anophthalmia

    29. POST ENUCLEATION SOCKET SYNDROME 

Introduced by Tyler's & Collin • Sequelae of an enucleation are orbital volume deficiency & changes in the orbital soft tissue architecture leading to the clinical picture of “POST- ENUCLEATION SOCKET SYNDROME (PESS)”. • CLINICAL FEATURES:  Enophthalmos  An upper eyelid sulcus deformity  Ptosis or eyelid retraction  Laxity of the lower eyelid  A backward tilt of the ocular prosthesis.

    30. MANAGEMENT 

1. Orbital volume replacement a) Secondary implant (intraconal) if no implant was placed at the time of primary surgery b) Orbital floor implant c) Dermis fat graft to upper sulcus (option in patients with associated surface contracture) 2. Lower lid tightening a) Lateral canthal sling b) Medial canthal reconstruction c) Fascial sling 3. Correction of shallow lower fornix Fornix deepening sutures 4. Ptosis correction

    31. IDEAL ORBITAL IMPLANT 

Maintain natural Lid shape • Light weight • Porosity • Natural biocompatibility • Non toxic & non allergic. COMPLICATION OF IMPLANT: Exposure & Extrusion of implant: • Implant exposure may occur with any type of implant or at any time may lead to implant extrusion or explantation. • Porous orbital implants have a lower incidence of implant exposure than traditional non porous implants.

    32. PREDISPOSING FACTORS OF EXPOSURE OF IMPLANT 

Closing the wound under tension 2. Poor wound closure techniques 3. Infection 4. Mechanical or inflammatory irritation from the speculated surface of the porous implant 5. Delayed ingrowth of fibrovascular tissue with subsequent tissue breakdown

    33. PREVENTIVE MEASURE FOR IMPLANT EXPOSURE 

Proper placement of the implant within the orbit followed by a two- layered closure of anterior Tenon’s capsule & conjunctiva • The rectus muscles are then attached to the wrapped implant. TREATMENT: if few weeks, • No infection, simple reclosure or with a patch graft (e.g. sclera, temporalis fascia) is required. • If infection is suspected & treated vigorously with topical & systemic antibiotics, an extrusion & removal of the implant may be avoided.

    34. Beyond 4-6 months, 

If non porous implant, the defect should not be closed, & secondary orbital implant surgery should be arranged. • If porous, exposure < 3 mm >3 mm Treat conservatively Wait 8 weeks for spontaneous closure no Closure with scleral patch graft • Surgical repair is indicated • Using scleral patch graft or temporalis fascia patch graft
    35. THANK YOU Next case presentation by DR. BURHAN UDDIN Topic: THYROID ORBITOPATHY

Artificial Eye

Artificial eye from Rakesh Mairembam

    How eye work?
    Disease related to eye Artificial Eye
   What is Artificial Eye?
   Component
   Working
   Working Diagram
    Image Identification
    Normal and artificial vision Limitations
    Future

    How eyes work?

 The light coming from an object enters the eye through cornea and pupil. The eye lens converges these light rays to form a real, inverted and diminished image on the retina. The light sensitive cells of the retina gets activated with the incidence of light and generate electric signals. These electric signals are sent to the brain by the optic nerves and the brain interprets the electrical signals in such away that we see an image which is erect and of the same size as the object. ECE Dept. M.I.T. Manipur 3

    DISEASE RELATED TO EYE 

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) ECE Dept. M.I.T. Manipur 4


        IT WOULD BE BETTER TO TELL - “WE SEE WITH OUR BRAINS THAN WITH OUR EYES” THE SOLE PRINCIPLE USED TO VISIONISE A BLIND IS “DECEIVING OUR BRAINS”

    7. • Form of neural prosthesis to restore vision. • An externally worn camera and a retinal implanted chip makes it possible. • It is often usable for those who suffers from age-related macular degeneration (AMD) or retinal pigmentosa. What is artificial eye? ECE Dept. M.I.T. Manipur 7
    8. Component Digital camera Video- processing unit Radio transmitter Radio receiver Retinal implant ECE Dept. M.I.T. Manipur 8
    9. Digital Camera • The camera used for this is the CMOS image sensor. • The camera captures the image and converts it into pixels of black and white. • This camera is placed on the goggles. • The battery required for this is provided from the video processing unit. ECE Dept. M.I.T. Manipur 9
    10. Video Processing Unit • Video Processing Unit acts as a optogenic transducer unit which simplifies the image as spots of light and then reduces the image to the number of photodiodes. • This is connected to goggles through router. • This unit majorly consists of • Video decoder • Video scaler • DSP processor • Video processor ECE Dept. M.I.T. Manipur 10
    11. Retinal implant • Electrode implantation is one of the most critical jobs in this artificial vision system • The first step done in this electrode implantation is perforating a platinum foil with each hole having a diameter of 3mm • 68 flat platinum electrodes of 1mm diameter are pierced through the holes into the nucleus of neurons of the occipital lobe ECE Dept. M.I.T. Manipur
    12. Continued……. • Each electrode is connected by separate Teflon insulated wire to a connector contained in the pedestal • The group of wires pass the electrical impulses which are generated by the processor • When the electrode is stimulated by the processor by sending an electrical impulse, the electrode produces closely spaced phosphene (light spots seen by visual field) • By sending the electrical impulses in different combinations and permutations the phosphene can be created in a regular fashion describing the image ECE Dept. M.I.T. Manipur 12
    13. Camera on glasses views image Signals are sent to video processing microchip Processed information is sent back to receiver Receiver sends information to electrodes in retinal implant Electrodes stimulate retina to send information to brain ECE Dept. M.I.T. Manipur 13
    14. Video Camera Video processing unit Receiver Retinal ImplantNeuronsBrains ECE Dept. M.I.T. Manipur 14
    15. By using this technology the person can read large letters or identify the objects before him. ECE Dept. M.I.T. Manipur 15
    16. Normal vision- Begins when light enters and strike on photoreceptor cells. These cells convert light to electric impulses that are sent to brain via optic nerves. Artificial vision- The camera captures images and sends to retina implant. It stimulates neurons. The stimulated neurons send information to brain via optic nerves. ECE Dept. M.I.T. Manipur 16
    17. Surgery is required to implant the electrode array. Repairing is difficult if any of the devices got damaged. Those who lost their visions due to other reasons could not use this device. The approximated cost of the device is $70,000 ECE Dept. M.I.T. Manipur 17
    18. ECE Dept. M.I.T. Manipur 18
    19. Revolutionary piece of technology. Good news for AMD and retinal pigmentosa patients ECE Dept. M.I.T. Manipur 19
    20. • www.howstuffworks.com • Chandu Gude,"Bionic Eye", Scribd, 2009. • www.wikipedia.org • www.sciencedaily.com • www.electrooptic.com ECE Dept. M.I.T. Manipur 20
    21. ECE Dept. M.I.T. Manipur 22

Artificial Eye Cost

The price of a single prosthetic eye in India can be around Rs 15,000 to Rs 30,000 and above. However, the cost of the surgery also gets counted in. 

Subjects related to artificial eye cost

• What is the cost of an artificial eye?
• How long does a prosthetic eye last?
• Can artificial eyes see?
• Do artificial eyes move?
• artificial eye cost in bangalore
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• prosthetic eye care
• prosthetic eye movement
• prosthetic eye that can see
• artificial eye disadvantages
• artificial eye shell
• prosthetic eye socket infection treatment

ARTIFICIAL EYE

 

 

artificial eye from Rajeshwari Raji

ARTIFICIAL EYE

this is technology developed for who are suffering from blindness
  There are 10 billion people in the US who are blind or facing blindness due to diseases of the retina… and there’s little that can be done for them. • For the vast majority, their best hope is through prosthetic devices. • The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has granted market approval to an artificial retina technology, the first bionic eye to be approved for patients in the U.S.

INTRODUCTION

    Scientists claim to have developed a new revolutionary bionic eye that enables blind people to read letters and simple words. • In the mid-20th century, researchers began to explore the idea of creating an artificial eye which could actually see.

    ARTIFICIAL EYE? 

An artificial eye is a prosthesis which is used to replace a missing or damaged eye. • In order to accomplish the goal of creating a visual prosthesis, scientists had to develop a camera which could interact with the brain by stimulating the optic nerve.
  

HOW BRAIN WORKS AFTER SEEING AN IMAGE? 

After seeing an image the brain takes information from the outside world and encodes it in patterns of electrical activity. • After the creating pattern the brain get an visualization of an image. That can we actually seeing the image from our eyes.
   In damaged or dysfunctional retina, the photoreceptors stop working, causing blindness • The absence of effective therapeutic remedies for retinitis pigmentosa (RP) and age-related macular degeneration (AMD)

     ARGUS-II DEVICE 

The Argus II Retinal Prosthesis System (“Argus II”) is the world’s first approved device intended to restore some functional vision for people suffering from blindness. transmits images from a small, eye-glass- mounted camera wirelessly to a microelectrode array implanted on a patient’s damaged retina.
  

PARTS OF ARGUS II DEVICE

 The System has three parts: • a small electronic device implanted in and around the eye, • a tiny video camera attached to a pair of glasses, • and a video processing unit that is worn or carried by the patient.

       HOW ARGUS II DEVICE WORKS?

 The patient wears glasses with an attached video camera that captures images of the surrounding area.
    These images become an electrical signal which is processed by the video processing unit. The signal is then wirelessly delivered to the eye stimulating the retina
    This electrical stimulation of the retina is recognized by the brain as spots of light.

    When is it used? 

The Argus II Retinal Prosthesis System is intended for patients aged 25 years • and older with bare or no light perception vision caused by advanced retinitis pigmentosa

    RESULTS OF THIS SYTEM 

identify the location or movement of objects and people; • recognize large letters, words, or Sentences. • and helped in other activities of daily life, such as detecting street curbs and walking on a sidewalk without stepping off.

 Support for argus ii device

Three government organizations provided support for the development of the Argus II. The Department of Energy, National Eye Institute at the National Institutes of Health and the National Science Foundation collaborated to provide grant funding totaling more than $100 million, support for material design and other basic research for the project.

  Advantages 

ability to perform visual tasks demonstrated in many patients • Upgradable external hardware and software to benefit from future innovations • the brain has an amazing ability to adapt to new input and to improve his or her understanding of what is being “seen” via an artificial vision system.

   Disadvantages 

The cost of device is too high( $1500)
It is difficult to acquire this technology by common man.
   

Artificial Eyelashes

False eyelashes (sometimes called eyelash extensions) are worn by women (occasionally men) to thicken the upper eyelashes

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Artificial eye ppt

An ocular prosthesis or artificial eye is a type of craniofacial prosthesis that replaces an absent eye following an enuleatin, evisceration, or orbital exenteration.

Artificial Eye PPT from OECLIB Odisha Electronics Control Library

1.   www.oeclib.in Submitted By: Odisha Electronic Control Library Seminar On Artificial Eye
2. Content • Introduction • What is artificial eye? • The History of Artificial Eyes • How eyes work? • Visual System • The Manufacturing Process • The eye • Human Eye Conditions • Three Types of Eye Removal • Possible Conditions Leading to an Artificial Eye • Conclusion and Future Scope • References
3. Introduction • In the current scenario, where over millions of people are affected by visual anomalities, it was with a challenge that this project came into being. • It aims at restoring vision to the blind. • Today, high-tech resources in microelectronics, Optoelectronic, computer science, biomedical engineering and also in vitreo retinal surgery are working together to realize a device for the electrical stimulation of the visual system.
4. What is artificial eye? • An ocular prosthesis or artificial eye is a type of craniofacial prosthesis that replaces an absent natural eye following an enucleation, evisceration, or orbital exenteration. • The prosthesis fits over an orbital implant and under the eyelids.
5. The History of Artificial Eyes • Prior to World War II, ocular prosthetics were made of specialized blown glass that collapsed to form a concave shape. • During and after World War II this glass became increasing difficult to obtain. Soon, acrylic and other plastic polymers were being used for many of the uses previously exclusive to glass. • An exciting use of this new material was for artificial eyes, or ocular prosthetics. Acrylic revolutionized the art and process of making ocular prosthetics.
6. How eyes work? • The light coming from an object enters the eye through cornea and pupil. • The eye lens converges these light rays to form a real, inverted and diminished image on the retina. • The light sensitive cells of the retina get activated with the incidence of light and generate electric signals.
7. Visual System • The human visual system is remarkable instrument. • It features two mobile acquisition units each has formidable preprocessing circuitry placed at a remote location from the central processing system (brain). • Its primary task include transmitting images with a viewing angle of at least 140deg and resolution of 1 arc min over a limited capacity carrier, the million or so fibers in each optic nerve through these fibers the signals are passed to the so called higher visual cortex of the brain.
8. The Manufacturing Process
9. Human Eye Conditions • The purpose of this section is to provide some background on human eye conditions that can lead to vision loss and eye removal. • Anatomy of the eye • 3 types of eye removal • Orbital eye implants • Possible conditions leading to an artificial eye • Possible conditions leading to a scleral shell • Eye care specialists • Leading causes of eye loss in childen
10.  Anatomy of the eye
11. Three Types of Eye Removal • EVISCERATION- removal of the inner eye contents, iris and cornea; leaving the sclera behind with the extraocular muscles still attached. • ENUCLEATION- removal of the eyeball, leaving the remaining orbital contents intact; extraocular muscles are detached and typically reattached to an orbital implant or fat graft. Indications: tumors, infections, blind painful eye, severe trauma. An artificial eye is fit following this eye surgery. • EXENTERATION- removal of the contents of the eye socket (orbit) including the eyeball, fat, muscles and other adjacent structures of the eye.
12. Possible Conditions Leading to an Artificial Eye • ENUCLEATION • BLIND, PAINFUL EYE • OCULAR MELANOMA • TRAUMA • RUPTURED GLOBE • PENETRATING EYE INJURY • PEFORATING EYE INJURY • CATARACT • INFECTION • VITREOUS HEMORRHAGE • ENDOPHTHALMITI
13. Conclusion and Future Scope • The application of the research work done is directed towards the people who are visually impaired. • People suffering from low vision to, people who are completely blind will benefit from this project. • The findings regarding biocompatibility of implant materials will aid in other similar attempts for in human machine interface.
14. References • www.google.com • www.wikipedia.com
15. THANKS 

 

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Artificial Eyebrows

Eyebrow pencils or eye shadow can be used to fill in eyebrows. These are temporary fixes

 

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Ocularist and Artificial Eye Specialist in India

Celia Vinny V

• Consultant Ocularist 
• Artificial Eye Specialist
• Best Ocular Prosthesis

Whats App  :+91 9249450467
Phone         :+91 9249450467

E-mail         :vinnycelia@gmail.com

Ocularist  and  Artificial Eye Specialist in India

            www.ocularistindia.com
 
Blogger      :www.ocularistindia.blogspot.com
Facebook   :www.facebook.com/ocularistindia

Twitter        :www.twitter.com/ocularistindia

Instagram   :www.instagram.com/ocularistindia

Wordpress :www.ocularistindia.wordpress.com

Artificial Eye Specialist India

Artificial Eye Specialist India

Celia Vinny V

Consultant Ocularist
Artificial Eye Specialist

E-mail         :vinnycelia@gmail.com

WhatsApp  :+91 9249450467
Phone         :+91 9249450467
Blog           :www.ocularistindia.blogspot.com
Facebook   :www.facebook.com/ocularistindia

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