1. ARTIFICIAL EYE
2. Introduction Components required Working of artificial vision Another approach to this Advantages and disadvantages Future scope Conclusion
3. INTRODUCTION • There are 10 billion people in the US who are blind or facing blindness due to diseases of the retina… and there’s little that can be done for them. • For the vast majority, their best hope is through prosthetic devices. • The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has market approval to an artificial retina technology, the first bionic eye to be approved for patients in the U.S.
4. Continued… • Scientists claim to have developed a new revolutionary bionic eye that enables blind people to read letters and simple words. • In the mid-20th century, researchers began to explore the idea of creating an artificial eye which could actually see.
5. ARTIFICIAL EYE? • An artificial eye is a prosthesis which is used to replace a missing or damaged eye. • In order to accomplish the goal of creating a visual prosthesis, scientists had to develop a camera which could interact with the brain by stimulating the optic nerve.
6. What happens when we look at an object? Scattered light from the object enters through the cornea. The light is projected onto the retina. The retina sends messages to the brain through the optic nerve. The brain interprets what the object is.
7. HOW BRAIN WORKS AFTER SEEING AN IMAGE? • After seeing an image the brain takes information from the outside world and encodes it in patterns of electrical activity. • After the creating pattern the brain get an visualization of an image. That can we actually seeing the image from our eyes.
8. Continued…. • In damaged or dysfunctional retina, the photoreceptors stop working, causing blindness • The absence of effective therapeutic remedies for retinitis pigmentosa (RP) and age-related macular degeneration (AMD)
9. ARGUS-II DEVICE The Argus II Retinal Prosthesis System (“Argus II”) is the world’s first approved device intended to restore some functional vision for people suffering from blindness. transmits images from a small, eye-glass- mounted camera wirelessly to a microelectrode array implanted on a patient’s damaged retina.
10. Artificial silicon retina • Tiny device of diameter 2mm • Thinner than human hair • ASR implantations are two types • Epiretinal and subretinal
11. PARTS OF ARGUS II DEVICE The System has three parts: • a small electronic device implanted in and around the eye, • a tiny video camera attached to a pair of glasses, • and a video processing unit that is worn or carried by the patient.
12. Digital Camera • The camera used for this is the CMOS image sensor. • The camera captures the image and converts it into pixels of black and white. • This camera is placed on the goggles. • The battery required for this is provided from the video processing unit.
13. Video Processing Unit • Video Processing Unit acts as a optogenic transducer unit which simplifies the image as spots of light and then reduces the image to the number of photodiodes. • This is connected to goggles through router. • This unit majorly consists of • Video decoder • Video scalar • DSP processor • Video processor
14. Retinal implant • Electrode implantation is one of the most critical jobs in this artificial vision system • The first step done in this electrode implantation is perforating a platinum foil with each hole having a diameter of 3mm • 68 flat platinum electrodes of 1mm diameter are pierced through the holes into the nucleus of neurons of the occipital lobe
15. Continued……. • Each electrode is connected by separate Teflon insulated wire to a connector contained in the pedestal • The group of wires pass the electrical impulses which are generated by the processor • When the electrode is stimulated by the processor by sending an electrical impulse, the electrode produces closely spaced phosphene (light spots seen by visual field) • By sending the electrical impulses in different combinations and permutations the phosphene can be created in a regular fashion describing the image
16. Video Camera Video processing unit Receiver Retinal ImplantNeuronsBrains
17. Normal vision- Begins when light enters and strike on photoreceptor cells. These cells convert light to electric impulses that are sent to brain via optic nerves. Artificial vision- The camera captures images and sends to retina implant. It stimulates neurons. The stimulated neurons send information to brain via optic nerves.
18. When is it used? • The Argus II Retinal Prosthesis System is intended for patients aged 25 years • and older with bare or no light perception vision caused by advanced retinitis pigmentosa.
19. RESULTS OF THIS SYTEM • identify the location or movement of objects and people; • recognize large letters, words, or Sentences. • and helped in other activities of daily life, such as detecting street curbs and walking on a sidewalk without stepping off.
20. Support for Argus ii device… • Three government organizations provided support for the development of the Argus II. The Department of Energy, National Eye Institute at the National Institutes of Health and the National Science Foundation collaborated to provide grant funding totaling more than $100 million, support for material design and other basic research for the project.
21. Another approach to Artificial vision
22. Advantages • ability to perform visual tasks demonstrated in many patients • Upgradable external hardware and software to benefit from future innovations • the brain has an amazing ability to adapt to new input and to improve his or her understanding of what is being “seen” via an artificial vision system.
23. Disadvantages • The cost of device is too high( $1500) • It is difficult to acquire this technology by common man.
24. •Using ULSI technologies, the device can be further reduced in size
25. CONCLUSION
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