Artificial Eye

Artificial eye from Rakesh Mairembam

    How eye work?
    Disease related to eye Artificial Eye
   What is Artificial Eye?
   Component
   Working
   Working Diagram
    Image Identification
    Normal and artificial vision Limitations
    Future

    How eyes work?

 The light coming from an object enters the eye through cornea and pupil. The eye lens converges these light rays to form a real, inverted and diminished image on the retina. The light sensitive cells of the retina gets activated with the incidence of light and generate electric signals. These electric signals are sent to the brain by the optic nerves and the brain interprets the electrical signals in such away that we see an image which is erect and of the same size as the object. ECE Dept. M.I.T. Manipur 3

    DISEASE RELATED TO EYE 

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) ECE Dept. M.I.T. Manipur 4


        IT WOULD BE BETTER TO TELL - “WE SEE WITH OUR BRAINS THAN WITH OUR EYES” THE SOLE PRINCIPLE USED TO VISIONISE A BLIND IS “DECEIVING OUR BRAINS”

    7. • Form of neural prosthesis to restore vision. • An externally worn camera and a retinal implanted chip makes it possible. • It is often usable for those who suffers from age-related macular degeneration (AMD) or retinal pigmentosa. What is artificial eye? ECE Dept. M.I.T. Manipur 7
    8. Component Digital camera Video- processing unit Radio transmitter Radio receiver Retinal implant ECE Dept. M.I.T. Manipur 8
    9. Digital Camera • The camera used for this is the CMOS image sensor. • The camera captures the image and converts it into pixels of black and white. • This camera is placed on the goggles. • The battery required for this is provided from the video processing unit. ECE Dept. M.I.T. Manipur 9
    10. Video Processing Unit • Video Processing Unit acts as a optogenic transducer unit which simplifies the image as spots of light and then reduces the image to the number of photodiodes. • This is connected to goggles through router. • This unit majorly consists of • Video decoder • Video scaler • DSP processor • Video processor ECE Dept. M.I.T. Manipur 10
    11. Retinal implant • Electrode implantation is one of the most critical jobs in this artificial vision system • The first step done in this electrode implantation is perforating a platinum foil with each hole having a diameter of 3mm • 68 flat platinum electrodes of 1mm diameter are pierced through the holes into the nucleus of neurons of the occipital lobe ECE Dept. M.I.T. Manipur
    12. Continued……. • Each electrode is connected by separate Teflon insulated wire to a connector contained in the pedestal • The group of wires pass the electrical impulses which are generated by the processor • When the electrode is stimulated by the processor by sending an electrical impulse, the electrode produces closely spaced phosphene (light spots seen by visual field) • By sending the electrical impulses in different combinations and permutations the phosphene can be created in a regular fashion describing the image ECE Dept. M.I.T. Manipur 12
    13. Camera on glasses views image Signals are sent to video processing microchip Processed information is sent back to receiver Receiver sends information to electrodes in retinal implant Electrodes stimulate retina to send information to brain ECE Dept. M.I.T. Manipur 13
    14. Video Camera Video processing unit Receiver Retinal ImplantNeuronsBrains ECE Dept. M.I.T. Manipur 14
    15. By using this technology the person can read large letters or identify the objects before him. ECE Dept. M.I.T. Manipur 15
    16. Normal vision- Begins when light enters and strike on photoreceptor cells. These cells convert light to electric impulses that are sent to brain via optic nerves. Artificial vision- The camera captures images and sends to retina implant. It stimulates neurons. The stimulated neurons send information to brain via optic nerves. ECE Dept. M.I.T. Manipur 16
    17. Surgery is required to implant the electrode array. Repairing is difficult if any of the devices got damaged. Those who lost their visions due to other reasons could not use this device. The approximated cost of the device is $70,000 ECE Dept. M.I.T. Manipur 17
    18. ECE Dept. M.I.T. Manipur 18
    19. Revolutionary piece of technology. Good news for AMD and retinal pigmentosa patients ECE Dept. M.I.T. Manipur 19
    20. • www.howstuffworks.com • Chandu Gude,"Bionic Eye", Scribd, 2009. • www.wikipedia.org • www.sciencedaily.com • www.electrooptic.com ECE Dept. M.I.T. Manipur 20
    21. ECE Dept. M.I.T. Manipur 22

Artificial eye ppt

An ocular prosthesis or artificial eye is a type of craniofacial prosthesis that replaces an absent eye following an enuleatin, evisceration, or orbital exenteration.

Artificial Eye PPT from OECLIB Odisha Electronics Control Library

1.   www.oeclib.in Submitted By: Odisha Electronic Control Library Seminar On Artificial Eye
2. Content • Introduction • What is artificial eye? • The History of Artificial Eyes • How eyes work? • Visual System • The Manufacturing Process • The eye • Human Eye Conditions • Three Types of Eye Removal • Possible Conditions Leading to an Artificial Eye • Conclusion and Future Scope • References
3. Introduction • In the current scenario, where over millions of people are affected by visual anomalities, it was with a challenge that this project came into being. • It aims at restoring vision to the blind. • Today, high-tech resources in microelectronics, Optoelectronic, computer science, biomedical engineering and also in vitreo retinal surgery are working together to realize a device for the electrical stimulation of the visual system.
4. What is artificial eye? • An ocular prosthesis or artificial eye is a type of craniofacial prosthesis that replaces an absent natural eye following an enucleation, evisceration, or orbital exenteration. • The prosthesis fits over an orbital implant and under the eyelids.
5. The History of Artificial Eyes • Prior to World War II, ocular prosthetics were made of specialized blown glass that collapsed to form a concave shape. • During and after World War II this glass became increasing difficult to obtain. Soon, acrylic and other plastic polymers were being used for many of the uses previously exclusive to glass. • An exciting use of this new material was for artificial eyes, or ocular prosthetics. Acrylic revolutionized the art and process of making ocular prosthetics.
6. How eyes work? • The light coming from an object enters the eye through cornea and pupil. • The eye lens converges these light rays to form a real, inverted and diminished image on the retina. • The light sensitive cells of the retina get activated with the incidence of light and generate electric signals.
7. Visual System • The human visual system is remarkable instrument. • It features two mobile acquisition units each has formidable preprocessing circuitry placed at a remote location from the central processing system (brain). • Its primary task include transmitting images with a viewing angle of at least 140deg and resolution of 1 arc min over a limited capacity carrier, the million or so fibers in each optic nerve through these fibers the signals are passed to the so called higher visual cortex of the brain.
8. The Manufacturing Process
9. Human Eye Conditions • The purpose of this section is to provide some background on human eye conditions that can lead to vision loss and eye removal. • Anatomy of the eye • 3 types of eye removal • Orbital eye implants • Possible conditions leading to an artificial eye • Possible conditions leading to a scleral shell • Eye care specialists • Leading causes of eye loss in childen
10.  Anatomy of the eye
11. Three Types of Eye Removal • EVISCERATION- removal of the inner eye contents, iris and cornea; leaving the sclera behind with the extraocular muscles still attached. • ENUCLEATION- removal of the eyeball, leaving the remaining orbital contents intact; extraocular muscles are detached and typically reattached to an orbital implant or fat graft. Indications: tumors, infections, blind painful eye, severe trauma. An artificial eye is fit following this eye surgery. • EXENTERATION- removal of the contents of the eye socket (orbit) including the eyeball, fat, muscles and other adjacent structures of the eye.
12. Possible Conditions Leading to an Artificial Eye • ENUCLEATION • BLIND, PAINFUL EYE • OCULAR MELANOMA • TRAUMA • RUPTURED GLOBE • PENETRATING EYE INJURY • PEFORATING EYE INJURY • CATARACT • INFECTION • VITREOUS HEMORRHAGE • ENDOPHTHALMITI
13. Conclusion and Future Scope • The application of the research work done is directed towards the people who are visually impaired. • People suffering from low vision to, people who are completely blind will benefit from this project. • The findings regarding biocompatibility of implant materials will aid in other similar attempts for in human machine interface.
14. References • www.google.com • www.wikipedia.com
15. THANKS 

 

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Ocularist India-- Celia Vinny (L V Prasad Eye Institute)

Celia Vinny-     L V Prasad Eye Institute

Celia Vinny-Ocularist

Chief Ocularist in L V Prasad eye institute 

Kerala India –Celia Vinny Ocularist

Ocular Prosthesis Clinic
L V Prasad Eye Institute
Banjara Hills
Hyderabad – 500 034
AP, India
Ph: +91-92934 50467

Email:vinnycelia@gmail.com

Website/Blog: http://vinny-eyecare.blogspot.com
                     http://ocularistindia.blogspot.in/

Completed Bsc optometry at Arupadai veedu medical college, Pondicherry(Vinayaka Mission University,Salem)

Fellowship in Clinical Optometry at L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad.

Completed  apprenticeship in ocularistry at L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad.

Mob: 09288708707, Resi: 04842617311, E mail: vinnycelia@gmail.com

 For Appointments

 Call  +91 9293 450 467 

ocularist

What is an ocularist?

An ocularist is a carefully trained technician skilled in the arts of fitting, shaping, and painting ocular prostheses. In addition to creating it, the ocularist shows the patient how to handle and care for the prosthesis, and provides long-term care through periodic examinations.

How long have artificial eyes been around?

Artificial eye-making has been practiced since ancient times. The first ocular prostheses were made by Roman and Egyptian priests as early as the fifth century B.C. In those days, artificial eyes were made of painted clay attached to cloth and worn outside the socket.

It took many centuries for the first in-socket artificial eyes to be developed. At first, these were made of gold with colored enamel. Then, in the later part of the sixteenth century, the Venetians started making artificial eyes out of glass. These early glass eyes were crude, uncomfortable to wear, and very fragile. Even so, the Venetians continued making them and kept their methods secret until the end of the eighteenth century. After that, the center for artificial eye-making shifted to Paris for a time; but by the mid-nineteenth century, German glass-blowers had developed superior techniques, and the center for glass eye-making moved to Germany.

Shortly thereafter, glass eye-making was introduced in the United States. During World War II, the imported German glass used for glass prostheses became unavailable in this country. As a result of this shortage, the U.S. Government, in conjunction with a number of American firms, popularized the techniques for making artificial eyes out of acrylic plastic.

The popularity of this method has continued to increase over the years, and today the vast majority of patients wear ocular prostheses made of acrylic.

What's the difference between "stock" and "custom" eyes?

"Stock" or "ready-made" ocular prostheses are mass-produced. Since a "stock eye" is not made for any particular person, it doesn’t fit any particular patient. A "custom" ocular prosthesis, on the other hand, is made by your ocularist to fit you and you alone.

How often do you have to see an ocularist?

The ocular prosthesis, like hard contact lenses, needs to be polished regularly in order to restore the acrylic finish and insure the health of the surrounding tissues. It is generally recommended that infants under 3 years of age be seen every 3 months; patients under 9 twice yearly, and all other patients at least once a year.

Does medical insurance pay for artificial eyes?

If insurance coverage is available, most ocularist offices will assist you in every possible way to obtain full benefits of your policy. However, it should be noted that the patient, or in the case of children, a parent or guardian is always responsible for payment...and in the case of HMO'S it is always necessary to obtain a referral before work can begin.

What is the American Society of Ocularists?

The American Society of Ocularists (ASO) is a professional organization which was established by a group of skilled American ocularists in 1957. Their purpose was to promote high standards through research and education in the field of ophthalmic prosthetics. Today the ASO maintains quality ocularistry through its formal education, training and continuing education programs.

How do I find a good ocularist?

In most states, there are no laws governing ocularists. When choosing an artificial eyemaker, you should consult your state regulations and look for the following credentials:

Membership in the American Society of Ocularists

Certification by the National Examining Board of Ocularists

How does a person learn to become an ocularist?

There are no schools that teach ocularistry. A person must learn how to make artificial eyes through an apprenticeship with an approved ocularist (a Board Approved Diplomate Ocularist). The ASO Apprentice Program requires that the apprentice must study all aspects of ocular prosthetics, and spend five years (10,000 hours) in practical training. The apprentice must also successfully complete 750 credits of related study courses offered by the Education Program of the ASO. Upon successful completion of all requirements, the title, Diplomate of the American Society of Ocularists, is awarded.

Does the Society arrange apprenticeships?

Apprenticeships are not arranged by the American Society of Ocularists. A person seeking training must contact ocularists in their area and locate someone who is able to hire and train an apprentice. For people willing and able to relocate, we suggest attending one of the bi-annual conferences to meet ocularists from different parts of the country.

Can I apprentice with any ocularist?

To qualify for the Society’s apprenticeship program, you must train with a Board Approved Diplomate Ocularist (BADO).

I already make artificial eyes. Do I have to become an apprentice?

Persons who are already working as ocularists may apply to the Society’s Associate program.

Aren’t there classes I can take somewhere to learn to become an ocularist?

The American Society of Ocularists is the only organization that offers educational training in ocularistry. Classes are offered at the Society’s bi-annual meetings, and are designed to prepare ocularists to take their certification exams.

I’m in school now. What courses should I take to increase my chances of becoming an apprentice?

The sciences provide a good base, in addition to taking extensive courses in art, sculpting, communicative skills and applied psychology.

Who certifies ocularists?

The National Examining Board of Ocularists (NEBO) is an independent entity whose directors come from the following participating organizations:

American Academy of Ophthalmology

American Board for Certification of Orthotics and Prosthetics

American Society of Ocularists

Canadian Society of Ocularists

Public Member

NEBO awards the title, Board Certified Ocularist (BCO), to those ocularists who successfully complete a comprehensive two-part written and practical examination. All BCOs must complete continuing education requirements and be recertified by NEBO every six years.